In an experiment, what is the term for a variable that can affect the dependent variable?

In an experiment, the term for a variable that can affect the dependent variable is known as a confounding variable. Confounding variables can introduce ambiguity in interpreting the results because they correlate with both the dependent variable and other independent variables of interest. If these variables are not controlled, they can skew the findings and lead to erroneous conclusions about the relationship being studied.

While independent variables are the factors manipulated by researchers to observe their effects on the dependent variable, they do not necessarily affect the dependent variable; rather, they are intended to do so. Controlled variables are those that are kept constant throughout the experiment to ensure that any observed changes in the dependent variable are solely attributed to the independent variable. Thus, confounding variables play a pivotal role in determining the validity of the experiment's conclusions by potentially misleading the interpretation of the relationship between the variables involved.